Target Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Target Market - Essay Example From a layman’s perspective, the administrative and institutional areas give great development openings. Notwithstanding, on a more extensive skyline, it tends to be seen that world markets other than USA give exponential development openings. These districts incorporate Pakistan, the second biggest customer of CNG vehicles where government has intensely put resources into the CNG framework, Bangladesh and India. Because of the expanded ecological mindfulness among the objective market and the mechanical developments which have improved the quality and proficiency of CNG transports to coordinate the diesel transports. In addition, the experience of Argentina and Pakistan has indicated that it is attempted and tried and the venture of the financial specialists won't sink. Also, it would spare the tremendous bill on fuel and is efficient. The current climb in fuel costs (petroleum and diesel) is another factor which is agreeable to changing over armadas to CNG controlled vehicles. The basic perception is that despite the fact that the capital speculation on a CNG transport may be US $ 25000 costly when contrasted with conventional diesel transports, however the reserve funds because of mileage are sufficient to conceal this hole in as little a time span as 1 year. In addition, CNG, in opposition to customary conviction, has been demonstrated to be a safe and risk verification fuel. Considering the above now is the ideal planning to go into this area. Thinking about the above measurements, it very well may be inferred that Asian markets are the quickest developing markets for the CNG business. The North and South American locales together hold tremendous unexploited potential and development is normal in up and coming years. Developing worldwide markets: the best open door for CNG Busses is the dynamic development being knowledgeable about the CNG division in economies like Latin America (Argentina, Brazil), Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Thailand. Mindfulness in Institutional Clients: Over a time of years, the ecological mindfulness has been expanding. This is

Risk For Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements

Question: Talk About The Risk For Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements? Answer: Introducation: Philippa is a 36-year elderly person determined to have the left bosom disease that is metastatic. The metastases are in the lymph hubs of the left axilla, both the lungs and the liver. Be that as it may, the essential injury was expelled by medical procedure three years prior however it was forcefully metastatic as it was identified with BRACA1 quality. It was two months prior that she built up the axillary, hepatic and pneumonic metastases. She lives with Alice, who is her accomplice and two youngsters, a 11-year-old young lady known as Catherine and a 7-year old kid known as Geoffrey. At a worldwide enterprise, Philippa was filling in as a money related director yet stopped after the affirmation of the metastases. Following this, she needed to leave work. Philippas accomplice telecommutes as an inside planner yet the state of the accomplice is overpowering requesting a lot of time. She is the main individual who can think about Philippa and the kids. Philippa is encountering indications and signs, for example, a tingling skin, anorexia, stomach expanding, exhaustion, oral thrush, xerostomia, and brevity of breath on effort. Alice helps in the administration of these appearances. At present, Philippa is on prescriptions as follows: Oral arrangement of Nystatin, 1ml after at regular intervals every day Metoclopramide 10mg after at regular intervals and must be taken 30 minutes before having dinners. 2 puffs of salbutamol inhaler four times each day. 10mg of prednisolone two times each day. Point: The point of this banner is to organize five nursing issues that emerge from Philippas evaluation and recognize two most basic ones dependent on the seriousness as an impact to the patient and Maslows pecking order of requirements. Nursing issues: Insufficient breathing examples Imbalanced sustenance, not as much as body necessities Hazard for electrolyte and liquid irregularity Hazard for impeded uprightness of the skin Hazard for muddled lamenting (MacAvoy, Moritz, 2013) The two fundamental nursing issues to be considered are; ineffectual breathing examples and imbalanced nourishment, not as much as body necessities. Ineffectual Breathing Patterns. The metastases from the essential sore of the left bosom came to Philippas left and right lungs. Accordingly, them two have carcinogenic cells that disable the respiratory capacity of the lung parenchyma. This is affirmed by Philippas brevity of breath on effort, hack and dry mouth, oral thrush and weariness, which result from insufficient breathing (Respiratory System, 2015). The three significant nursing issues that must consistently be surveyed first in any event, during revival are the aviation route, breathing and blood dissemination since they are fundamental for conveyance of essential supplements to the bodys imperative organs, for example, the liver, the kidneys, the heart and the cerebrum. Since Philippa has brevity of breath, the measure of air conveyed to the alveoli is lower and accordingly, the indispensable organs will get less oxygen (Bockov, Mare?kov, Zapletalov, 2015). This can be recognized by taking the immersion paces of oxygen in the blood. Also, the disabled example of breathing triggers a physiological reaction that powers Philippa to inhale through the mouth. At the point when oral inward breath is drawn out, further xerostomia will be seen and mouth bruises create. Also, Philippa has oral thrush because of the xerostomia and decreased elements of the lungs. Prednisolone is endorsed to forestall further aggravation of the mouth and different pieces of the body (Tanser, 2017). The brevity of breath likewise causes a stressing impact on Philippas stomach and the intercostal muscles. Therefore, she built up the weakness as saw on evaluation. Since the Philippas lungs are neoplastic because of the metastases, there is have to organize and balance out her breathing in light of the fact that. e any further deferral would prompt respiratory capture and possible demise. Once more, this is the explanation she is on salbutamol inhaler to enlarge her aviation route (Smith, 2012). Furthermore, nystatin is given to forestall the spread of metastatic cells (Sambo, Tumia, Bradaschia, Pavat, Szymska, 2016). Hazard For Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements. Philippa is in danger of lacking indispensable supplements, for example, glucose, electrolytes, proteins, nutrients, water among others in the body. Different reasons underlie this reality. Most importantly, she has decreased hunger, a dry mouth and a swollen midsection. Absence of craving brings about the refusal to ingest food and in this manner, the absorptive destinations of the gastrointestinal tract are less dynamic. The body won't get vitality that is required for cell breath and different exercises. Moreover, water isn't likewise taken. Water is imperative for blood arrangement, weakening of poisons and discharge of substances through pee and dung. Basically, every body organ needs water for all capacities. Once more, Philippa has a dry mouth, demonstrating that spit is lacking (Hogan, Gingrich, 2014) The salivation is vital for oil of nourishment for simple peristalsis and assimilation. Along these lines, a dry mouth won't encourage quick absorption. One of the significant reasons the patient has exhaustion is because of the loss of hunger and resulting inadequacy of vitality in the body. Philippas swollen mid-region is because of the destructive cells in the liver. All things considered, there is disability of the hepatic elements of detoxification, haematopoiesis, bile fabricating, coagulating factor-development, protein blend, stockpiling and arrival of glycogen, creation of insusceptible components, leeway of bilirubin among others (Patel, Abate, 2013). Bile salts assume an imperative job in emulsification and in light of the fact that Philippas liver has carcinogenic cells, this job is stopped in the duodenum (Heatley, 2013) . The swollen midsection additionally may cause torment in the wake of eating on the grounds that there is pressure in the hepatic entry vein that takes supplement rich blood to the liver coming about because of hepatomegaly (Heatley, 2013) Supplements assume significant jobs in the body and ought to consistently be accessible to the body. For example, the mind doesn't use some other type of sugars separated from glucose. In the event that glucose isn't accessible, at that point cerebral capacities are impeded and may in the long run cause trance like state (Lippincott, 2013) Additionally, these supplements are expected to make vitality that is utilized during development, basal metabolic rate, cell division, resistance, intellectual working, increment in body size among others. Along these lines, in the event that they are not expended, at that point all the above capacities are influenced and may prompt inevitable demise. Along these lines, vital and powerful cures should be set up to help Philippa recover the supplements required for her body to work adequately. For example, an enormous bow cannula can be acquainted with direct Ringers lactate, glucose, and ordinary saline to the blood (Lippincott, 2013) Once more, a nasogastric cylinder might be acquainted with manage food supplements legitimately to the stomach. End Philippa was determined to have metastatic bosom malignancy that spread to the lungs, axillary lymph hubs and the liver. Also, she is right now on meds that are continuing her. The significant nursing issues recognized for her situation incorporates incapable examples of breathing, imbalanced nourishment, not as much as body prerequisites, chance for liquid and electrolyte unevenness, hazard for entangled lamenting and hazard for hindered skin uprightness. Much spotlight was on the examples of breathing and imbalanced nourishment. Breathing is significant for conveyance of oxygen to the tissues. Then again, supplements are crucial for production of vitality, upgrading metabolic capacities, weight training, reinforcing the resistance and different capacities. Accordingly, immediate and compelling measures must be taken to improve Philippas usefulness and fighting of disease. References Bockov, S., Mare?kov, J., Zapletalov, J. (2015). Content approval of the conclusion Ineffective Breathing Pattern.Kontakt,17(1), e24-e31. Heatley, R. (2013).Gastrointestinal and hepatic immunology(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hogan, M., Gingrich, M. (2014).Pathophysiology(1st ed.). Boston: Pearson. Lippincott, W. (2013).Brunner and suddarth's course reading of clinical - careful nursing twelfth ed. + nursing conclusion, ..(first ed.). [Place of distribution not identified]: Wolters Kluwer Health. MacAvoy, S., Moritz, D. (2013). Nursing analyze in an oncology population.Cancer Nursing,15(4), 264-270. Patel, P., Abate, N. (2013). Muscle versus fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance.Nutrients,5(6), 2019-2027. Respiratory System. (2015).Pathology International,5(3), 214-216. Sambo, L., Tumia, P., Bradaschia, S., Pavat, P., Szymska, K. (2016). H07From logical proof to clinical practice in malignant growth patients: NANDA-I: imbalanced nourishment: not as much as body necessities (00002) and care planning.Annals Of Oncology,27(suppl_4), iv81-iv81. Smith, I. (2012). Chemotherapy in metastatic illness: an overview.Breast Cancer Research,9(S1). Tanser, A. (2017). Examples of taking in wellbeing and disease.Thorax,25(2),

How to Save Money as a Student

How to Save Money as a Student How to Save Money as a Student As The Beatles once said in one of their best songs Money (That’s What I Want): “The best things in life are free, but your lovin’ don’t pay my bills.” As a student, one of the most important things to keep in mind is the amount of money you spend during your study years. Spend too much, and you risk accumulating too much debt after graduation; spend too little and you might be left wondering what the point of it all was, if you didn’t even get to have any fun or new experiences.But fear not: here are some easy and smart tips to  save money as a student â€" without compromising on your quality of life.1.  Buy second-hand goods!Buying second-hand goods is a great way to save money as as student, because prices are usually much lower than for brand new items. Spend some time at your local Oxfam, Octavia Foundation or other charity shops around your university looking for second-hand goods, and you may be surprised at the treasures you find â€" high quality clothes, vintage accessories, interesting little ornaments or antique books â€" all for a bargain price.Remember, don’t be afraid of walking in to browse the items on the shelve s â€" the staff are usually friendly and the atmosphere’s great. And, since the money’s going to a good cause, you can spend to your heart’s content without that guilty feeling afterwards!2.  Leave food shopping to later in the day  Many supermarkets have a clearance sale in the evenings, where any food due to go out of date is sold at a marked-down price. Bread, seafood and dairy products go on sale, and many vegetables, fruits and other fresh produce are labelled with a reduced price. These are great bargains for students, since the foods usually won’t actually expire for another few days. Next time you go grocery shopping, try popping into the store a few hours before it closes and check out the prices. There’s a massive difference!  3.  Cook for yourselfCooking for yourself definitely helps you save money as a student. Eating out is one of the most expensive things you can do, especially if you study in a city where a lot of restaurants are pricy. So guys and girls, ch annel your inner Jamie Oliver and get cooking from scratch. Not only is cooking for yourself cheaper, but also healthier, better for your body (think of the amount of saturated fat in oily Chinese takeaways) and great fun too!4. Hide the credit cardLet’s face it, you and I are all guilty at times of spending too much money on items that a) we already have; b) are completely unnecessary or c) are just too plain expensive. And usually, taking a credit or debit card out is the easy way to pay for the bill without facing the reality of the price. Many students are tempted by credit cards to buy now and pay at a later date, but this bad habit may lead to overspending or huge bank debts when the end of the month comes. Refrain from this method of paying â€" keeping count is much easier when it’s cash!5. Search for free entertainment    Many people think having fun means spending lots of money on movies, parties, clubs, theme parks or other local attractions. In fact, there are many types of free entertainment available in any city â€" it just requires a little extra effort and dedication to find! Consult the internet and maybe start from websites like timeout.com, where you can search for all kinds of things to do free of charge. Remember many clubs, cinemas and theaters will offer discounts for students â€" if it’s not clearly advertised, just ask. The university itself will have plenty of cheap entertainments going on, and joining student clubs will often mean you get to benefit from even more discounts.Final lesson: You can definitely save money as a student while still having a great time at university!

Auteur Critics Cinema

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3953 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The auteur theory can be summarised most simply as an acknowledgement of the director as the primary and shaping force behind a film (Craig Keller). How is Godards primary and shaping influence detectable, if indeed, it is? Introduction The auteur theory was a principle developed in the 1950s by a group of French film critics namely: Eric Rohmer, Francois Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard. It was their belief that an auteur was the single individual most responsible for whatever personal expression (if any) a movie yielded up under critical analysis. This definition has become the most universally understood of the auteur theory and therefore the one which will be referred to during this dissertation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Auteur Critics Cinema | Film Studies Dissertations" essay for you Create order These critics wanted to see an end to la tradition de la qualit of conventional cinema of the 1930s and 1940s a period coined le cinma de papa. They viewed films produced at that time to be literary, lifeless and not truly cinematic. Inspired by fellow film critic Alexandre Astrucs camera-stylo theory arguing that filmmakers should use their equipment as spontaneously, flexibly and personally as a writer uses a pen these young critics began to break the constraints of conventional cinema. Prior to the development of the auteur theory, a large majority of films were produced, shot and edited in similar styles. Large studios, with fixed cameras and scriptwriters having overall control were common, thus creating a rigid style of film production. However, in the 1950s and 60s, a period labelled the Nouvelle Vague, French cinema was completely revolutionised. During this time films moved away from the confines of the big studios and artificial lighting; to outside, using light weight Arriflex cameras which sped up the film process. During this period directors began to experiment with several new cinematic techniques whilst implementing their own personal artistic values in films. These directors came to be known as auteurs becoming the primary and shaping force behind their films, manipulating scenes to fit their style rather than employing the traditional method of following scriptwriters prompts. In terms of the auteur theory Jean-Luc Godard was seen as the truly radical auteur. By most he is today seen as one of the most innovative and artistic directors having created his own Godard style. As Godard himself suggests, les vrais auteurs des films sont les producteursle cinema na davenir que si la camera finit par remplacer le stylo. Godard epitomises a director out to challenge traditional cinema. Through such films as Vivre sa Vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Une femme est une femme he began to interrogate and illuminate conventional cinema via new cinematic and artistic techniques. This dissertation will assess the extent to which Jean-Luc Godards primary and shaping influence is detectable in his films. In the main body of this dissertation I will consider Godards ability to implement his own cinematic style through several inventive techniques. I will consider his ability to challenge the barriers between off screen and on screen reality. Furthermore, I will analyse his use of camera shots, editing techniques, colour and sound so as to demonstrate his pivotal influence on the shaping of his films. I will however, also argue that any kind of definition of the auteur theory oversimplifies the realities of a film making process and can therefore not be seen as a definitive theory. Andrew Sarris explains, one of the premises for an auteur is that the director must exhibit certain recurring characteristics of style which serve as his signatureover a group of his films. I will, therefore, make reference to four of Godards films: A bout de Souffle (1960), Une femme est une femme (1961), Vivre sa vie: Film en douze tableaux (1962) and Le Mepris (1963) to demonstrate how Godard yields personal influence in his films. One of Godards premises as a film director was his belief that realism was a pivotal part of film making. Godard believed that realism attempted by conventional cinema was never exactly the same as reality, and in cinema it is of necessity faked. It was therefore Godards intention to continually experiment with new ideas and make his actors improvise in certain scenes in order to encapsulate what he believed would be the closest thing to real life. Following the release of A Bout de Souffle actor Jean-Pierre Melville who played Parvulesco in the film said Godards movie was anything shot anyhow. Godard himself confirmed that on A Bout de Souffle I used to write the evening before shooting. According to Godard, the reason for him doing this was because I liked to be surprised. If you know in advance everything you are going to do, it isnt worth doing. If a show is all written down, what is the point of filming it? What use is cinema if it trails after literature? Godards obsessive need to shape the smallest minutiae made him standout amongst his peers by firmly embedding him as the autonomous force behind all aspects of the film making process. In addition, if one reads the script of Le Mpris it clearly shows his belief in improvisation to encapsulate real life. In the thirty minute apartment scene in which Camille and Paul argue, the only direction is man in hat. Man in towel. Blond woman. Woman in black wig. Sheets on coach. Sheets off couch. Dishes on table. Love. Anger. Contempt. Tenderness. This therefore forced the actors to improvise in the hope that the scene would be more realistic than just learning their lines by heart. This idea of filmmaking was revolutionary at the time and was a way in which Godard was implementing his own directional style to his movies. As Kreidel suggested in 1980 [N]o one has yet made a more modern cinema than Godard. For those familiar with Godards work the quote used above anything shot anyhow should strike a chord. His use of the camera to manipulate scenes to exert his own artistic influence over his movies was just one of the ways in which his primary influence was detectable. Godard employed a range of new cinematic techniques in an attempt to escape the classical idea of a passive audience. His work was heavily influenced by Bertolt Brechts theory of Brechtian distanciation which encouraged the audience to make their own interpretations of what they were experiencing rather than them being simply led through a piece of theatre. Godard was influenced by Brechts theory in encouraging the active engagement of his audience, he breaks the illusion of the fourth wall in order to communicate directly with the audience, usually in such an enigmatic way that he seems to be satirising the whole of communication. In a key scene in A Bout de Souffle Michel, one of the lead protagonists, is filmed having a conversation with himself whilst driving. Traditionally this type of scene would be shot using a fly on the wall technique, Godard instead, by making Michel talk directly at the camera, creates the impression that Michel is directing his words at the audience. Manipulating the camera lens to involve the audience was just one of the techniques that Godard employed. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie he utilises a very different technique alienation. Rather than filming this scene in the traditional head-on format Godard places the camera lens behind the lead characters heads. In doing so the audience feels alienated from the conversation between the characters Nana and Raoul especially as their reflection in the mirror distances themselves even more from the audience. In addition, Godard never films the two characters in the same shot which not only highlights the divide between the characters but also the audience from the characters conversation. As Godard himself suggests I also converge with the theatre through language: in my film one must listen to people speaking, particularly as their backs are often turned so that one is not distracted by their faces. By shooting this scene from behind Godard does just that. He forces the audience to interpret the scene through what they hear and not what they see. By exploiting these techniques Godard is undoubtedly heavily exerting his influence on these films as an auteur. Godards use of the camera to exert a primary influence on his work often manifests itself in less obvious ways. He frequently extends the length of a single shot or slows down his camera movements to provide the viewer with adequate time to concentrate on a specific image. In Le Mpris Godard is forced to do a slow panning shot in one of the final scenes of the film when Odysseus returns home to Ithica. Godards use of colour is so bold in this scene that if he quickly panned across the scene it would not give his viewers adequate time to concentrate on the composition of the colours. The scene is filmed in such a way that it adds to its artistic content. In much the same way as a writers style of writing changes or a painters brush strokes alter throughout their career, Godards style evolves throughout his films. He employs different techniques in each film but the one constant is his shaping influence on each of his works. In conventional cinema, colour was generally used in order to increase the commerciality of films. When it was occasionally used, it enhanced the mood in separate scenes. Godard employed a far more ambitious use of colour in his work. In his first two colour films Une femme est une femme and Le Mpris he predominantly used primary colours due to his interest in modern art: straight color, pop art. Godard used bold primary colours to indicate the characterisation and narrative development in his films but in such a way that it did not act upon the viewer in a directly sensual way. In Godards first colour film Une femme est une femme, Angela is intent on having a child with her husband Emile. Emile however, is not so keen on the idea and appears rather blas about the subject; he predominantly wears blue in the film which symbolises his rather laid back nature. After being repeatedly refused by Emile on the topic of having a baby, Angela goes to Emiles friend Albert to have an affair in the hope to conceive. Albert despite being happy to oblige feels no real affection for Angela and this is shown as he mainly wears grey symbolising his disinterest in her. In Godards second colour film Le Mpris, he continues the pattern of using colour to represent characters personalities but tends to also use colour to depict how characters emotions towards each other evolve throughout the movie. In the opening scene, Camille is lying in bed with Paul asking him if he loves different parts of her body. In this scene, Godard uses colour filters which are seen as a representative of what is going to happen in the film. If one considers that red symbolises love, white incertitude and blue coldness then it maps out what happens in the film, love to ambivalence to contempt. Furthermore, Godard manipulates colour to mirror personalities. Paul the scriptwriter in the film is seen in a grey suit with blue specks highlighting his passive personality. Jerry the ambitious American film producer is mostly seen in a blue suit, red tie and driving a red sports car which in turn suggests his dominant personality and his lust for Camille. In addition, Camille is shown in several coloured dresses throughout the film so as to emphasize her continual change of emotions. Finally Francesca, Jerrys secretary wears a red jumper in the scene when she seduces Paul which again emphasizes Godards attempt to symbolise emotional currents in the film. It is important to note that several critics have suggested that Godards use of primary colours can also be seen as a referent to American musicals, a genre which fascinated Godard. This referent is most evidently seen in the opening credits of Une femme est une femme when bold colourful words flash up on the screen like neon lights, reflecting the lavishness of the American musical. Furthermore, other critics suggest that the primary colours are a referent to either the French flag or American flag. The extensive analysis of these critics suggests that they themselves acknowledge Godard as playing a decisive role in the production of his films. One of Godards most revolutionary impacts on French cinema was his use of editing. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, directors were focused on attempting to reduce the awareness of the film making process for the audience; enhancing what directors felt was reality. They would therefore use techniques such as continuity editing which prevented the audience from being aware of any cuts in between scenes, enabling them to be swept up in the film. Godard however, had a strong belief about the basics of cinema in which mise en scne (the content of individual shots) is continually inflected, articulated and transformed by montage (the editing that drives a film from one shot to another. With this strong belief Godard began to edit using techniques such as the jump-cut. The jump-cut was employed by Godard in his first motion picture A bout de Souffle. Due to a need to reduce the length of the film, Godard systematically cut out whatever could be cut, while trying to maintain some rhythm. An example of his use of jump-cuts was in the scene when Michel, the criminal, is recognised by a police officer and therefore Michel decides to shoot him. In this scene Godard zooms in on the barrel of the gun which is about to be fired by Michel. Suddenly, when Michel fires the gun there is a jump-cut and the next image is the police officer falling to the ground having been hit. Another notable example of his use of jump cut came later in the film when Patricia is riding in a stolen convertible with Michel. In this scene there are up to seven jump-cuts of Patricias head, creating discontinuity in the scene in a very clear Godard style. Whilst many critics at the time found his use of jump-cut confusing and disruptive to the flow of the film; many others recognized his jagged unruly montage heightened the jagged, unruly mood of a story propelled more by the whims of his characters than the dictates of a predetermined story, which is something evident in his film A bout de Souffle. As has been demonstrated it is clear that Godard exerted considerable influence over the editing process. It is clear that Godards films are characterised by a set of stylistic methods. Principally amongst these methods is his use of sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, sound was employed in film to replicate audibly the visual emotion of a scene in order to captivate the audience and make a scene appear more realistic. Martin Heidegger highlights this tradition by suggesting that viewers have become accustomed to sounds elegant effects and thus treats them as real. Godard however, firmly believed that in faking sound to captivate the audience, one is taking away the realism that he wanted to convey in his films. A point agreed by Richard Roud who suggested that even in the most so-called realist film, sound has always been an exception. It was therefore Godards intention to restore sound so that it would captivate real life by refusing to edit or remix any previously recorded track, which he defined as sonic realism. One of Godards most notable examples of this was seen in A Bout de Souffle. Due to the sound being naturally recorded there are several scenes in the film when some of the characters conversations are muffled by natural noises. The use of natural sound reaches a peak during the scene in Patricias apartment when the noise of the sirens bellowing in through the open window actually drowns out the characters dialogue. Rather than being a distraction that takes the viewer out of the moment, the use of natural sound here, and throughout the film, only heighten the realism. After all, in life, it would be unrealistic to sit in a room with an open window in the centre of Paris and not hear any intrusive sounds. Jean Collet praises Godards creation of realism through sound stating [Godard applies] to sound the same demands as for the pictures. [He captures] life in what it offers to be seen-and to be heard-directly. Godards artistic use of sound did change in his career with the development of post-synchronised sound. Prior to the Nouvelle Vague, direct sound was used in films such as A Bout de Souffle. However, with the development of post-synchronised sound Godard was able to talk to the actors whilst filming so as to direct them and after synchronise the sound with the film footage. This also enabled him to implement his artistic Brechtian style of filmmaking in which he alienated his audience. In the opening scene in Vivre sa Vie, Godard uses the soundtrack in ten to twenty second bursts. The scene shows shots of Anna Karinas face at different angles. In conventional cinema, music would generally play consistently throughout this scene to highlight the emotional state. Godard however, plays it in bursts creating discontinuity in the scene as the soundtrack stops at random intervals. As has been demonstrated, Goddard employs a wealth of techniques in his films to manipulate sound. In playing such a pivotal role, he firmly entrenches himself as the key player in his work. Rarely before had cinema seen someone wield such a crucial influence over all aspects of the film making process. Second Section It is undeniable that Godard has produced some of the most inspiring and innovative films through his use of story line and cinematic techniques. His exploitation of light, colour, and sound, editing and alienating the audience showed Godard had revolutionised traditional French cinema and in doing so has inspired modern day film directors such as Quentin Tarrantino. However, in using Kellers summary that an auteur is simply the primary and shaping force of his films it is unquestionably oversimplifying the realities of the film making process. As Godard changed so much in his films compared to traditional cinema it is not possible for him to be praised for every aspect of his films creation. Godard said in an interview in 1983: I find it useless to keep offering the public the auteur. In Venice, when I got the prize of the Golden Lion I said that I deserve only probably the mane of this lion, and maybe the tail. Everything in the middle should go to all the others who work on the picture: the paws to the director of photography, theface to the editor, the body to the actors. I dont believe in the solitude ofthe auteur with a capital A. Furthermore, Godard admitted that him and the likes of Truffaut, Rohmer and Rivette whilst taking the plaudits for the auteur theory, exaggerated the significance of the theory so as to establish personal expression as one of the primary values in Nouvelle Vague films. Several theorists have also raised doubts as to the significance of the auteur. Foulcault and Roland Barthes suggest that all creative ideas are moulded by the social and political forces that surround us. They go on to state that ideas are contrived from the knowledge that one has gained from past experiences. If one puts this in the context of Godards films it would suggest that Godards cinematic ideas and techniques were influenced by what he has learnt from past experiences. An example of this can be seen in his indirect use of Brechtian distanciation. Whilst it is evident that he was inspired by Brechts idea of alienating the audience to prevent them from being passive observers can one really claim that Godards cinematic techniques were not the result of Brechts indirect influence? Furthermore, when analysing many of Godards films, Godard refers to several quotes from the likes of William Faulkner and Edgar Poe. These are quotes which could have been easily edited but instead Godard taste for quotation suggests that he is not the primary and shaping force in his films. Language One of Godards obsessions as a director was his use of language and his belief that words could represent anything. Whether his characters are just mouthing words or when they say one thing and then immediately contradict it, it exhibits his desire to become a writer through his films. In doing this he is challenging the use of words and at the same time expressing his desire to be an author, similar to that of being a novelist or playwright. He wants to aspire to the status of being a writer as though cinema is some sort of parvenu that can find legitimacy by talking about poetry of cinema and therefore elevating it to that status. Godard therefore investigated how meaningful words can express the way you feel, through his use of subtitles, language through signs and translation. Vivre sa Vie is a good example of this as the characters speak different languages and therefore need an intermediary, Francesca to put their views across. Furthermore, in one of the final scenes of Le Mepris Camille and Jerry, despite not speaking the same language use signs to express their thoughts. Camille states that she likes to type by gesturing her fingers typing on an imaginary typewriter and Jerry who gestures his reaction to this with his hands stating that she is crazy. One could also suggest that Godard is expressing his own views through the use of language. In certain scenes of Vivre sa Vie it almost appears as if Godard is either articulating his opinions through voiceovers or, uses the characters as mouth pieces of his thoughts. When Nana speaks to the philosopher she says that we are all responsible for our actions, we are free, I am responsible (which she repeats five times)you only have to take an interest in things, things are what they are, life is life. Furthermore, in the scene when Raoul reads an extract of Edward Poes bookwhich is in fact Godard doing a voiceover. This Godard style is also a very good alienating technique, as whether he is speaking implicitly or explicitly he is constantly reminding the viewer that he is making a film of which he is the director. So you are therefore never able to simply surrender to the naturalistic credibility of the language in films which was the case in conventional cinema. Rather he is deliberately making the viewer aware of the film making process.

A Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled...

A Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING JNTU, KAKINADA Presented by: Y.H.H.S .AYYAPPA.S SREEKANTH.GELAM†¦show more content†¦Once the driver enters the ramp, the flip actuates the ramp to be lifted horizontally. Then robotic arms assist the driver to his seat. As soon as the driver is seated the EEG (electroencephalogram) helmet, attached to the top of the seat, is lowered and suitably placed on the driver’s head. A wide screen of the computer is placed at an angle aesthetically suitable to the driver. Each program can be controlled either directly by a mouse or by a shortcut. For starting the car, the start button is clicked. Accordingly the computer switches ON the circuit from the battery to the A.C.Series Induction motors. 3.BIOCONTROL SYSTEM The biocontrol system integrates signals from various other systems and compares them with originals in the database. 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Dreams in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass,...

Dreams in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push In 1776 it was stated that our country was based upon one simple truth, That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Though stated with a poetic justice, this statement did not hold true for all U.S. citizens. Many citizens were held in captivity, versus freedom, unable to pursue those inalienable rights. After two hundred years of inequality, Martin Luther King, Jr., would provide one of the most vocal positions regarding the lack of equal rights owed to African Americans. In his 1969 Lincoln†¦show more content†¦After I had learned this, she assisted me in learning to spell words of three or four letters (Gates 274). Ultimately, his master discovered his wifes acts and immediately ended the teaching. Even though his instruction was cut early, Douglass soon realized that in being able to read and write, not only could his mind be free of captivity, bu t he may find physical freedom. It took Douglass seven years to learn to read and write. Though this power allowed Douglass to free his mind, he once stated, I would at times feel that learning to read had been a curse rather than a blessing. It had given me a view of my wretched condition, without a remedy [...] I often found myself regretting my own existence, and wishing myself dead; and but for the hope of being free (279). Even in achieving his dream of literacy, it led to a greater dream, freedom. Douglass achievements were not without setbacks and/or difficulties. In working towards literacy, his master withheld knowledge of reading and writing forcing him to learn these in unconventional ways. He tricked the neighborhood boys into showing him how to write and spell words in the dirt. He also secretly read newspapers and other texts. These setbacks only impressed upon him his necessity to become literate. If his master worked so hard to keep him from learning, then there must have been a great benefit for Douglass that his master was not vocalizing. He felt an absolute need toShow MoreRelated American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass, Life of a Slave Girl, and Push1924 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push   Ã‚   In an era where knowledge is power, the emphasis on literacy in African American texts is undeniable. Beginning with the first African American literary works, the slave narratives, through the canons more recent successes such as Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon and Sapphires Push, the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigationRead More The African-American Nightmare Exposed in Black Literature Essay2231 Words   |  9 Pagesin Olaudah Equiano, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Song of Solomon, and Push    The American Dream was founded on the concept that all men are created equal(Jefferson 729) and that everyone has the capability and resources to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. The Declaration of Independence was written so Americans could achieve this dream, but was not written with the African slave in mind. The African slave was never intended to be a part of this American Dream, therefore, not capableRead More Comparing Dreams in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl2962 Words   |  12 PagesA Dream Revised in Song of Solomon, Push, and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America was founded on the belief that all men are created equal. However, a question must be posed which asks who constitutes men and what is equal? Where do women fit into the picture? What about minorities? The Declaration of Independence serves as the framework for rules that govern the people who fall beneath it, but who were the architects of the infamous work? They were white, upper

Renaissance And Discovery Essay Paper Example For Students

Renaissance And Discovery Essay Paper Renaissance and Discovery I The Renaissance in Italy A. The renaissance was the period when people began to adopt a rational and statistical approach to reality and rediscovered the worth and creativity of the individual. Most scholars agree that the Renaissance (which meaner rebirth in French) was a transition from medieval to modern times. Before the change, Europe was a fragmented feudal society with an agricultural economy with a church who dominated their thoughts and culture. Once the change happened, Europe was a growing nation, an urban economy, and people had new opinions on thought, culture, and religion. The Italian Renaissance began with the deaths of Patriarch (the father of humanism) and Biochip (author of the Decadence). With that, the Florentine humanist culture spread through Italy and into northern Europe. Scholars considered civic humanism describe the coalescence of humanism and civic reform. 1 . The Renaissance first shaped up within the merchant cities of late medieval Italy. Italy had a cultural advantage over the rest of Europe because it had a natural gateway between East and West. Once commerce revived on a large scale, their merchants quickly mastered the business skills in organization, book keeping, cutting new markets, and securing monopolies. The trade-rich cities became powerful city-states and dominated the political and economic life around the area. The endemic warfare spawned assisted the growth of Italian cities and urban culture. The factions might have subdued the cities as they permitted each other to concentrate on. Instead, they decided to weaken each other which strengthened the merchant oligarchies of the cities. Unlike cities which were dominated by kings and princes, the Italian cities remained free to expand their own. Five major, competitive tastes evolved: the duchy of Milan, the republics of Florence and Venice, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples. Social strife and competition for political power intensified that most evolved into despotisms in order to survive. Florence was the best example of social division and anarchy. Four social groups existed within the city; the old rich, or grand, the nobles, and merchants who ruled the city. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries they began to challenge the old rich for political power. In 1457 about 30,000 people were officially considered paupers, which meant having no wealth at all. These divisions caused conflict to every level of society which added to fear of foreign intrigue. True stability did not return until the ascent to power of the Florentine banker and statesman in 1434. Medici was the wealthiest Florentine and natural statesman who controlled the city internally behind the scenes, manipulating the constitution and influencing elections. A council which was known as the Signora governed the city, these men were chosen from the most powerful guilds representing the major clothing industries, or other groups like bankers, judges, and doctors. Medici was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signora. His grandson Lorenz the Magnificent ruled Florence in almost totalitarian fashion during the last chaotic quarter of the 15th century. To prevent internal social conflict and foreign intrigue from stopping their cities, the dominant groups installed hi strongmen or despots. Their purpose was to maintain law and order. Since despots couldnt count on the loyalty of the populace, they worked through mercenary armies through military brokers known as conditioner. Not only was a despot subject to dismissal by oligarchies which hired him, but he was also a popular object of assassination attempts. Most city-states ambassadors not only represented them in ceremonies and negotiations, but became their watchful eyes and ears at rival courts. Such widespread support occurred because of the main requirement for patronage of the arts and letters was what Italian cities had in abundance:great wealth. . Some scholars believe humanists were the champions of Catholic Christianity, opposed to the pagan teachings of Aristotle and the Scholasticism his writings nurtured. To others, it was a neutral form of historical scholarship adopted to promote above all sense of responsibility and political liberty. Humanism was the study of the Latin and Greek classics and the ancient Church Fathers for its own sake and in hope of reviving respect ancient norms and values. The Florentine Leonardo Bruin gave the name humanists to the learning that resulted from scholarly pursuits. Bruin was a star student of Manuel Chrysalis, the Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to humanists when he taught in Florence. The first humanists were orators and poets who wrote original literature in classical and vernacular languages inspired by and modeled on the newly discovered works of the ancients. The study of classical and Christian antiquity existed before the Italian Renaissance. These precedents only partially compared with the achievements of the Italian Renaissance of the 14th/1 5th centuries. Unlike their Scholastic rivals, humanists were less bound to recent tradition; nor did they focus their attention on summarizing and comparing the views of recognized authorities. Italian humanists made the full riches of Greek and Latin antiquity available to contemporary scholars. Patriarch was the father of humanism. He was involved in a popular revolt in Rome and served the Viscount family in Milan. His most famous contemporary work was a collection of highly introspective love sonnets to a certain Laura, who was a married woman he romantically admired from a distance. Humanism During The Renaissance EssayThe peace that the Treaty of Load made possible ended in 1494 when Naples threatened Milan. Ludicrous made made a fatal response to these political alignments by appealing to the French for aid. Breaking an Italian rule, he invited the French to re-enter Italy and revive their dynastic claim to Naples. He hadnt noticed that France also had dynastic claims to Milan or how there would be more French territory once they encamped in Italy. 2. The French king Louis XSL resisted the temptation to invade Italy while keeping French dynastic claims in Italy alive. Such appeasement only brought about Piers exile by a citizenry that was revolutionized by a radical Dominican preacher (Savonarola). Savonarola convinced the fearful Florentine that the French kings arrival was a long-delayed and fully Justified divine vengeance on their immorality. This allowed Charles to enter Florence without resistance. N the end, the Florentine proved not to be the stuff theocracies are made of. After the Italian cities reunited and ousted the French invader, Savonarola days were numbered. Eventually he was imprisoned and executed. Ludicrous IL Moor desired a French invasion only so long as it weakened his enemies, he saw events created by himself which threatened Milan. In reaction, he Joined the League of Venice which was strong enough to send Charles into retreat and end the menace he posed to Italy. 3. The French returned to Italy under Charlies successor, Louis XII. Probably the cost corrupt pope who ever sat on the papal throne, he openly promoted the poli tical careers of Cesar and Lucrative Boring. In Roman the popes ally within the League of Venice continued to contest the Papal States for their loyalty. Seeing that French alliance would allow him to reestablish control, Alexander secured French favor. He annulled Louis Xis marriage to Charles Vics sister so he could marry Charlies widow (Anne of Brittany). Most important Alexander agreed to abandon the League of Venice. In exchange, Cesar Boring received the sister of the king of Invader. Cesar also received land grants from Louis XII and the promise of French military aid in Roman. All was a scandalous trade-off that made it possible for the French king and the pope to realize their ambitions within Italy. In 1500 Louis and Ferdinand of Argon divided Naples between them and the pop and Cesar Boring conquered the cities of Roman without opposition. Alexander victorious son was given the title duke of Roman. 4. Cardinal Giuliani Della Rover succeeded Alexander VI as Pope Julius II. Julius raised the Renaissance papacy to its peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue, gaining him the title of warrior pope. This humorous account purported to describe the popes unsuccessful efforts to convince Saint Peter that he was worthy of admission to Heaven. Pop Julius drove the Venetians out of Roman and fully secured the Papal States. Realizing this long sought papal goal, he turned to the second major undertaking of his pontificate: ridding Italy of his former ally, the French invader. The French were nothing besides persistent. They invaded Italy a third time under Louses successor, Francis l. The victory won the Concordat of Bologna from the pope in August 1516. This concordat helped keep France Catholic after the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation, but the new French entry into Italy set the stage for the first of four major wars with Spain in the first half of the sixteenth century. 5. The foreign invasions made shambles out of Italy. Machiavelli was more convinced through the more he saw. He became the Italian political unity and independence were ends which Justified any meaner. Machiavelli was impressed by the way Roman rulers and citizens defended their homeland. They possessed the ability to act decisively and heroically for the good of their country. Such romanticizes of the Roman past exaggerated both ancient virtue and contemporary failings. He also held republican ideals which he didnt want to vanish from Italy. He believed a strong and determined people could struggle successfully with fortune. He scolded the Italian people for the self-destruction their own internal feuding was causing. He wanted an end to that behavior so a reunited Italy could drive all foreign armies out. Its been argued that he wrote The Prince as a cynical satire on the way rulers behave and not as a serious recommendation of unprincipled despotic rule. But Machiavelli seems to have been in earnest when he advised rulers to discover the advantages of fraud and brutality. He apparently hoped to see a strong ruler emerge from the Medici family which had captured the papacy with the pontificate. At the same time, they retained control over the powerful territorial state in Florence. The Prince was pointedly dedicated to Lorenz De Medici, duke of Robin, and grandson of Lorenz the Magnificent. The second Medici pope watched helplessly as the army of Emperor Charles V sacked Rome was also the year of Machiavellian death.